https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17201-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Propolis nanoparticles relieved the impacts of glyphosate‑induced
oxidative stress and immunosuppression in Nile tilapia
Afaf D. Abdelmagid1 · Alshaimaa M. Said1 · Eman A. Abdel Gawad2 · Sara A. Shalaby1 · Mahmoud A. O. Dawood3,4
Received: 22 May 2021 / Accepted: 21 October 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
The risk of the waterborne toxicity caused by herbicides threatens the aquatic environment. In this study, propolis nanoparticles
were shown to relieve the impacts of glyphosate-induced oxidative stress and immunosuppression in Nile tilapia.
The control group was fed a basal diet and maintained in a glyphosate-free water (control). Simultaneously, the other three
groups were exposed to sublethal concentrations of glyphosate (0.6 mg/L) and fed diets containing 0 and 10 g propolis and
10 g propolis nanoparticles for 4 weeks. Nile tilapia exposed to glyphosate for 2 and 4 weeks exhibited a significant increase
in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine values compared to the control. After 2
and 4 weeks, fish exposed to glyphosate who were not fed propolis and propolis nanoparticles showed a significant reduction
in total protein, albumin, and globulin levels, lysozyme activity, and total immunoglobulin levels. Nile tilapia exposed to
glyphosate displayed a significant increase in blood glucose and cortisol concentrations after 2 and 4 weeks. Furthermore,
liver and gill tissues from fish exposed to glyphosate exhibited a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations.
Conversely, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the liver and gill MDA levels and AChE activity of the
groups treated with propolis and propolis nanoparticles compared to the groups exposed to glyphosate and fed the basal diet.
Fish exposed to glyphosate for 2 and 4 weeks showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in hepatic and gill glutathione (GSH)
concentration and white blood cell and red blood cell counts compared to the control group. Meanwhile, these parameters
in groups fed propolis and propolis nanoparticles were markedly ameliorated compared to exposed fish fed the basal diet.
Dietary supplementation of propolis nanoparticles is superior to supplementation of propolis in the normal form for protecting
Nile tilapia from glyphosate toxicity.
Keywords Nanotechnology ・ Honeybee extracts ・ Herbicides ・ Clean aquaculture ・ Stress markers
Responsible Editor: Bruno Nunes
* Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
mahmoud.dawood@agr.kfs.edu.eg
1 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Benha University, Benha, Egypt
2 Aquatic Animal Diseases and Management Department,
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha,
Egypt
3 Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture,
Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
4 The Center for Applied Research On the Environment
and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo,
Cairo 11835, Egypt
/ Published online: 31 October 2021
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022) 29:19778–19789
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