Vegetables are regarded as strategic crops, which provide population with food security, being an essential component of daily food requirements. Consumption of vegetable crops has been escalating over the last decades due to growth of population and upgraded health and nutrition awareness of citizens.
The objective of this study revolves analyzing production and marketing activities of major vegetables crops in Kaluobia governorate. Therefore, included four vegetable crops as, tomato, potato, green pea and garlic, the study covered analysis of marketing channels, functions, marketing margins, cost and returns to farmers, wholesalers, and retailers.
The present investigation is presented in five chapters. Moreover, the introduction which contains problem of the study and its objectives, data sources and technique of research.
The first chapter included the theoretical framework of study and review of literature for, tomatoes, potatoes, peas, green, and garlic.
The second chapter was including the most important results are the follows:
(1) Concerning tomato crop:
The results indicate that decrease in cultivated area in Qaloubia with annual rate of 2.88%, 3.56%, and 25.2% of the average cultivated area per total season, summer season, and nili season, respectively. However, increase in winter season with annual rate was 3.52%.
Regarding productivity per Feddan of tomato in Qaloubia, total season, and winter with annual rate are 0.07%, 2.08%, respectively of average fadden productivity, while decrease in summer and nili season was 0.23%, and 2.07%, respectively.
Total Tomato production in Qaloubia decrease with regard to total season and summer 2.77%, and 3.10%, respectively of average total production. On the other hand, increase in total production with regard to winter and nili season is 1.84%, 23.5%, respectively .
(2) Concerning potato crop:
The results indicate that decrease in cultivated area in Qaloubia with annual rate of 0.52%, and 10.29%, respectively of the average cultivated area per total season and summer, while increase in winter season with annual rate is 0.49%. Regarding productivity per feddan of potato in Qaloubia, winter and summer season with annual rate are 2.39%, and 2.53% of the average feddan productivity, while decrease in total season for an annual rate 2.47%. As well as, there is increasing in total potato production in Qaloubia up to 9.91% of average total production with regard to total season. While decrease in total production with regard to winter and summer season 3.24%, and 12.76%, respectively.
(3) Concerning green pea crop:
The results confirm that decreased in cultivated area in Qaloubia with annual rate 0.43% of the average cultivated area per winter season.
Regarding productivity per feddan of green peas in Qaloubia, decrease an annual rate 0.29% of the average feddan productivity. Furthermore, decrease in total production represents an annual rate 6.35% of average total production.
(4) Concerning garlic crop:
The results indicate that decrease in cultivated area in Qaloubia with annual rate 2.69%, 2.92%, and 1.98%, respectively of the average cultivated area per (total season+ total loaded), winter and summer season, while increase in winter season with annual rate is 0.49%.
Regarding productivity per feddan of garlic in Qaloubia, has decrease in with annual rate are 0.2%, 0.6% of the average feddan productivity per (total season+ total loaded) and winter garlic loaded, respectively. While, increase in total garlic productivity in Qaloubia up to 0.008% of the average fadden productivity in winter season. As well as, increase in total garlic production with regard to (total season+ total loaded) up to 4.6% of average total production. However, decrease total garlic production with regard to total season, total loaded, and winter season 4.6%, 1.65%, and 4.6%, respectively.
The third chapter highlighting on sample selection technique:
(1) First sample (regarding with famers)
The total sample size enclosed 282 farmers, divided to 54 farmers for tomato crop in Khanka villages, 73 farmers for the potato crop in Benha villages, and 155 farmers for the green pea and garlic crops in Toukh villages.
(2) Second sample (regarding with wholesale dealers)
This sample included 25 for tomato crop, 33 for the potato crop, 35 for green peas, and 38 wholesalers for garlic crop.
(3) Third sample (regarding with retailers)
The third sample contained about 25 for tomato crop, 15 retailers for potato crop, 55 retailers for green pea, and 36 retailers for garlic crop.
The fourth chapter:
Part one: Covers statistical and economic estimates of production:
This study showed main factors that influence on total production for tomato in
summer season during (2009-2010) were, the amount of seeds, amount of manure, the number of hours of human labor, and the amount of pesticides. These variables with a positive impact on production, while the amount of chemical fertilizer was a negative impact on production, therefore, this means excessive use of this element. However, the main factors influence on total production for potato crop in summer season during (2009-2010) were, the amount of seeds, amount of manure, and the number of hours of human labor. These variables with a positive impact on production, while the amount of chemical fertilizer and the amount of pesticides were a negative impact on production, therefore, this mean excessive use of two elements. Also, this study founded that main factors influence on total production for green pea in winter season during (2009-2010) were, the amount of seeds, amount of chemical fertilizer, and the hours of automation work, these variables with a positive impact on production, while the amount of manure was a negative impact on production, therefore, this mean excessive use of this element. Moreover, the main factors influence on total production for garlic crop in winter season during (2009-2010) were, the amount of seeds, the amount of manure, rate of utilization of human labor and number of hours of automation work, these variables with a positive impact on production.
Part two: Covers statistical and economic analysis of cost of production:
This study appear that the size holy for-profit for tomato in summer season in in total sample in Khanka center were estimated at 22.82 tons / feddan, respectively. However, the size holy for-profit for the potato crop for summer season in total sample in Benha center were estimated 50.2 tons / feddan, respectively. While, the size holy for-profit for the green pea crop for winter season in in total sample in Toukh center were estimated 33.7 tons / feddan, respectively. The size holy for-profit for the garlic crop for winter season in in total sample in Toukh center were estimated 51.7 tons / feddan, respectively.
The fifth chapter :deals with the economic aspects of studies crops marketing in Kaloubia governorate:
The average marketing margins for tomato crop between [(a wholesaler and producer), (retailers and wholesaler), and (retailers and producer)] with a total sample were about 525, 865, and 1390 pounds per ton, respectively. Regarding the share of each producer, wholesaler, and retailer of consumer pounds, the total sample was approximately 67.21%, 12.44%, and 20.34%, respectively. However, the average marketing margins for the potato crop between [(a wholesaler and producer), (retailers and wholesaler), and (retailers and producer)] with a total sample were about 353.5, 664.5, and 1018 pounds per ton, respectively. Regarding the share of each producer, wholesaler, and retailer of consumer pounds, the total sample was approximately 58.75%, and 14.32%, 26.9%, respectively.
The average marketing margins for green pea crop between [(a wholesaler and producer), (retailers and wholesaler), and (retailers and producer)] with a total sample were about 1600, 1100 and 2700 pounds per ton, respectively. Regarding the share of each producer, wholesaler, and retailer of consumer pounds, the total sample was approximately 44.33%, 32.99%, and 22.68%, respectively. Moreover, the average marketing margins for the garlic crop between [(a wholesaler and producer), (retailers and wholesaler), and (retailers and producer)] with a total sample were about 850, 1425 and 2275 pounds per ton, respectively. Regarding the share of each producer, wholesaler, and retailer of consumer pounds, the total sample was approximately 53.33%, 17.44%, and 29.23%, respectively.
And when estimating net returns of farmers and the rest of the brokers involved process marketing For the tomato has reached the average total sample is about 81.3 penny / kg or about 813 pounds / ton as the average of the net return on farms by net revenue of the costs were estimated at 187.3%, the average net return for the total sample of wholesalers to the tomato crop was about 15.9 penny / kg the average net return on the total sample of retailers about 10.8 penny / kg no about 105 pounds / tons, and when you divide the rate of profit from the sale of tomato crop the proportion of net profit farms, wholesaler, retailer per ton 75.3%, 14.7%, 9.95 % of the total profits, respectively.
As for the net yield of potato growers, the average total sample to 87.5 penny / kg, and the average net return total sample of wholesalers for the potato crop was about 28.2 penny / kg, and the average net return on the total sample of retailers about 12.3 penny / kg about 123 pounds / tons. When dividing the rate of profit from the sale of potatoes, we find the proportion of net profit farms, wholesaler, and retailer per ton 68.35%, 22.06%, 9.57% of the total profits, respectively.
For the net return to growers, pea green, the average total sample to 68 penny / kg, with an average net revenue total sample of wholesalers to crop pea green was about 13.54 penny / kg, with an average net return on the total sample of retailers was approximately 23.5 penny / kg no about 235 pounds / ton. When dividing the rate of profit from the sale of crop, pea green, we find the proportion of net profit farms, wholesaler, and retailer per ton 64.7%, 12.9%, 22.35% of the total profits, respectively.
For the net return to growers, garlic, the average total sample is about 89.1 penny / kg, and the average net return for the total sample of wholesalers to garlic crop was about 21.9 penny / kg, and the average net return on the total sample of retailers accounted for 9 penny / kg, about 90.4 pounds / ton . When dividing the rate of profit from the sale of the garlic harvest, we find the proportion of net profit farms, wholesaler, retailer per ton 74.24%, 18.22%, 7.54% of the total profits, respectively.
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