In this paper, a fuel cell (FC) hybrid emergency system is presented. It contains fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors which are effective for different conveyance applications. Abbreviating the hydrogen consumption and incrementing the lifetime of power sources are the key factors of each energy management strategy (EMS). An incipient proposed EMS depending on an optimized proportional-integral (PI) controller is presented considering FC efficiency to ensure the operation of the FC stack within its maximum efficiency region and reduce the stress on it which in turn leads to reducing its hydrogen consumption. Regarding tunning the PI controller gains (Kp,Ki), a proposed hybrid metaheuristic optimization technique named JSPSOBAT has been presented which merges jellyfish (JS) optimizer, particle swarm optimizer (PSO) and BAT optimizer to achieve the balance between exploration and exploitation … |
