Objectives This study aimed to investigate the block characteristics and adverse effects of using different doses of spinal plain levobupivacaine combined with S-ketamine and clonidine during cesarean section. Patients and methods This prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 120 female patients scheduled for elective cesarean section. Patients were randomly assigned into three equal groups: group I received 10 mg of levobupivacaine 0.5% along with 12.5 mg of S-ketamine and 25 μg of clonidine intrathecally; group II received 7.5 mg of levobupivacaine 0.5% along with 12.5 mg of S-ketamine and 25 μg of clonidine intrathecally; and group III received 5 mg of levobupivacaine 0.5% intrathecally along with 12.5 mg S-ketamine and 25 μg clonidine. Hemodynamic parameters, the onset of the sensory block, the level of the sensory blockade, duration of the sensory block, the motor blockade and duration of the motor blockade, the quality of intraoperative analgesia, and the occurrence of side effects were recorded. Results Comparison of onset and duration of sensory block did not reveal any signifi cant differences among the groups. Duration of motor blockade and the time to fi rst analgesic request was signifi cantly longer in group I than in groups II and III, and it was signifi cantly longer in group II than in group III. The incidence of intraoperative nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and shivering was comparable in all groups. As regards hypotension, there was a signifi cant reduction in its incidence in group III compared with groups I and II. As regards bradycardia, there was a signifi cant reduction in its incidence with decreasing dose of levobupivacaine (group III showed the least incidence). Conclusion Spinal anesthesia using small doses of levobupivacaine with a combination of S-ketamine and clonidine was effective in cesarean section both intraoperatively and postoperatively with less adverse effects.
Keywords: clonidine, elective cesarean section, S-ketamine, spinal levob |
