Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurological condition characterized by cognitive decline, motor coordination
impairment, and amyloid plaque accumulation. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve
oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal degeneration. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s Disease; Aβ, Beta-Amyloid Peptide; NFTs, Neurofibrillary Tangles; MTOR, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin; PI3K, Phosphoinositide
3-Kinase; AKT, Protein Kinase B; MSCs, Mesenchymal Stem Cells; SEVs, Small Extracellular Vesicles; CNS, Central Nervous System; DMSO, Dimethyl
Sulfoxide; PEG, Polyethylene Glycol; DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium; FBS, Fetal Bovine Serum; HEPES, 4–2-Hydroxyethyl-1-Piperazine Ethane Sulfonic
Acid; AMPK, AMP-Activated Protein Kinase; GSK-3β, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B; GFAP, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; PBS,
Phosphate-Buffered Saline; ELISA, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; BM-MSCs, Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells; NIH, National Institutes of
Health; NOR, Novel Object Recognition; RI, Recognition Index; DMSO, Dimethyl Sulfoxide.; H&E, Haematoxylin and Eosin; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; GFAP, Glial
Fibrillary Acidic Protein.; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; CDNA, Complementary DNA; QPCR, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; INOS,
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; NF-κB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B.; NeuroD1, Neurogenic Differentiation Factor 1; PS-1, Presenilin 1; IDE, Insulin-Degrading Enzyme;
APP, Amyloid Precursor Protein; MTOR, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin; PTEN, Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog; P70S6K, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase Beta-1;
4EBP-1, Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E-Binding Protein 1; LC3II, Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta; P62, Sequestosome-1; BACE-1,
Beta-Secretase 1 GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase; H&E, Haematoxylin and Eosin.; SDS, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; PVDF, Polyvinylidene
Difluoride; ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase; BCIP/NBT, 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indolyl Phosphate/Nitroblue Tetrazolium; ROI, Recognition Index.; NOR, Novel Object
Recognition.; ANOVA, Analysis of Variance; SEMs, Standard Errors of the Mea. |
