Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), including modified live vaccines, readily infects the fetus and ovaries, which can lead to reproductive failure. The BoHV-1 latency reactivation cycle in sensory neurons may further complicate reproductive failure in pregnant cows. The immediate early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter drives expression of important viral transcriptional regulators (bICP0 and bICP4). This promoter contains two functional glucocorticoid receptor (GR) response elements (GREs) that have the potential to stimulate productive infection following stressful stimuli. Since progesterone and the progesterone receptor (PR) can activate many GREs, we hypothesized that the PR and/or progesterone regulates productive infection and viral transcription. New studies demonstrated that progesterone stimulated productive infection. Additional studies revealed the PR and Krüppel-like transcription factor 15 (KLF15) cooperated to stimulate productive infection and IEtu1 promoter activity. IEtu1 promoter activation required both GREs, which correlated with the ability of the PR to interact with wild-type (wt) GREs but not mutant GREs. KLF15 also cooperated with the PR to transactivate the bICP0 early promoter, a promoter that maintains bICP0 protein expression during productive infection. Intergenic viral DNA fragments (less than 400 bp) containing two GREs and putative KLF binding sites present within genes encoding unique long 52 (UL-52; component of DNA primase/helicase complex), Circ, bICP4, and IEtu2 were stimulated by KLF15 and the PR more than 10-fold, suggesting that additional viral promoters are activated by these transcription factors. Collectively, these studies suggest progesterone and the PR promote BoHV-1 spread to reproductive tissues, thus increasing the incidence of reproductive failure. |
