Routing protocols as one of the key communication techniques that intend to enable and maintainrobust communication routes in the network, play a significant part in boosting the performanceof Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). During the last 18 years, researchers proposed several diversemodifications of chain-based routing protocols in WSN as they are effective in balancing the WSNpower-consumption. The first and most popular chain-based routing protocol is Power-EfficientGathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS). We provide in this paper, a sophisticated surveyof chain-based routing protocols in WSNs that are successors of PEGASIS in terms of Multi hop/Singlehop Communication and Multi hop/Multi hop Communication. Initially, we give an outline of thechallenges in designing WSN routing protocols, and subsequently a detailed survey focusing on chain-based routing protocols with details, benefits and key shortcomings of each technique is presented.Additionally, we discuss the properties of chain-based routing concept along with the used metricsfor performance evaluation. The chain-based routing protocols are classified according to how data istransmitted from member nodes to the leader of chain and from the leaders to the Base Station (BS).Moreover, the applications of chain-based routing protocols and future directions for researchers arealso highlighted.©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.Contents1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12. Related work and methodology....................................................................................................................................................................................... 33. Chain-based routing protocol architecture...................................................................................................................................................................... 34. Chain-based routing protocols with multi hop/single hop communication............................................................................................................... 55. Chain-based routing protocol with multi hop/multi hop communication.................................................................................................................. 86. Comparison of different chain based routing protocols................................................................................................................................................ 167. Conclusions, applications and future directions............................................................................................................................................................. 167.1. Applications............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 167.2. Future directions.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18Declaration of competing interest.................................................................................................................................................................................... 22References........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 221. IntroductionWSN includes a collection of numerous low-power, multi-functionalsensorswithsensing,computationandcommunication∗Corresponding author at: Computer Science Department, Faculty of Comp-uters and Artificial Intelligence, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.E-mail address:walid.osamy@fci.bu.edu.eg (W. Osamy).capabilities, employed to work in unattended and varying en-vironmental scenarios. The rapid technological advancements insensors have made the WSNs a key enabler technology for IoT.Thelow-powered,miniaturesized,inexpensiveWSNsensorsandcomponentsmakeitconvenienttointegrateevensmallerobjectsinstalled in any type of surrounding environment into Internetof Things (IoT). Integration of these objects into IoT will be amajorevolutionofWSNs,leadingtoanunpredictablenewageofWSNsinIoT.TheintegrationbetweenWSNandIoTincreasesthehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosrev.2021.1003681574-0137/©2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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